NPPES file of Aug 9, 2026

Providers Rachel Le to Tang Le, D.O

300 individual NPIs in the federal registry, part 12,315 of 24,427 of the A to Z by surname. Each row is the registry's record: the name and credential, the NPI, the primary specialty, the practice city and the year the NPI was issued. 121 link to a page of their own with Medicare and CMS data the registry does not carry.

CMS NPPES registry, monthly file · specialties as NUCC taxonomy codes · method

ProviderNPISpecialtyPractice cityNPI issued
Rachel Le1649774969Critical Care Medicine (Internal Medicine) PhysicianHolyoke, MA2018
Raicheton Le, NNP-BC1144879826Neonatal Nurse PractitionerHollywood, FL2019
Rambo Le1033813290Student in an Organized Health Care Education/Training ProgramTucson, AZ2023
Randy Le, RD1487342440Registered DietitianBremerton, WA2023
Randy Le1679308142Behavior TechnicianMonrovia, CA2024
Randy Le1740121755Student in an Organized Health Care Education/Training ProgramAuburn University, AL2026
Randy Le, RBT1740742113Behavior TechnicianHonolulu, HI2019
Randy Le, PHARM. D.1922395193PharmacistTurlock, CA2011
Raymond Le, RPH1376881722PharmacistTampa, FL2013
Raymond Le, DO1629837133Student in an Organized Health Care Education/Training ProgramLees Summit, MO2024
Rebecca Le, D.C.1205112638ChiropractorFort Worth, TX2011
Rebecca Le1427596295Behavior TechnicianVan Nuys, CA2017
Rebecca Le1457857633Vascular & Interventional Radiology PhysicianAtlantis, FL2018
Remi Minh Khang Le1346803236Foot & Ankle Surgery PodiatristShillington, PA2019
Remington Le, DO1760050827Child & Adolescent Psychiatry PhysicianTripler Army Medical Center, HI2021
Rhoda Le, RN1568869337Registered NurseSan Jose, CA2014
Ri Le, RN1538597208Registered NurseAnchorage, AK2013
Rich Le1558505065Mental Health CounselorSan Francisco, CA2009
Richard Le, DDS1215670922EndodonticsCherry Hill, NJ2022
Richard Le, DDS1356662779General Practice DentistryCorpus Christi, TX2010
Richard Le, DO1417070566Dermatology PhysicianVictorville, CA2007
Richard Le, M.D.1528285012Pulmonary Disease PhysicianHuntington Beach, CA2007
Richard Le1528572625General Practice DentistryInglewood, CA2017
Richard Le, O.D.1821128091OptometristFort Worth, TX2007
Richard Le, D.O1851393003Family Medicine PhysicianChandler, AZ2005
Richard Le, AA1932509940Anesthesiologist AssistantHouston, TX2014
Richard Le, M.D.1962421016Internal Medicine PhysicianHouston, TX2006
Richie Thu Le1821498072PharmacistSan Jose, CA2014
Ricky Le1578391124Day Training/Habilitation SpecialistPasadena, CA2024
Rita Le, O.D1144533043OptometristPerkasie, PA2010
Robert Le, M.D., PH.D.1184984643Hospitalist PhysicianBethesda, MD2012
Robert Le, O.D.1205805397OptometristSugar Land, TX2006
Robert Le, MD1255027892Internal Medicine PhysicianLawrenceville, GA2023
Robert Le1275911869PharmacistBeaumont, CA2015
Robert Le, MD1427518950Internal Medicine PhysicianWorcester, MA2019
Robert Le, PHARMD1487464137PharmacistShavano Park, TX2025
Robert Le, MD1497459309Student in an Organized Health Care Education/Training ProgramPhiladelphia, PA2023
Robert Le, DDS1568918233General Practice DentistryFolsom, CA2016
Robert Le1831078054Behavior TechnicianSan Diego, CA2025
Robin Le, PHARMD1619779600PharmacistBroomfield, CO2025
Robin Le, D.D.S.1770669764DentistFort Defiance, AZ2006
Robinson Le, D.C.1760653513ChiropractorSan Mateo, CA2008
Roger Le, M.D.1104821586Urology PhysicianBaytown, TX2005
Rolandson Le1124879994Student in an Organized Health Care Education/Training ProgramLouisville, KY2024
Ron Le, PHARMD1902409873PharmacistArlington, TX2020
Ronald Le, DMD1043989965DentistEnterprise, OR2021
Ronald Le1841653995Home Health AideRichmond, TX2016
Ronny Le, D.D.S1104241017General Practice DentistrySan Diego, CA2014
Rosa Le1396403770CounselorColorado Springs, CO2021
Rosa Le, DDS1477092633DentistLittleton, CO2017
Rosa Le, PHARM.D.1558194589PharmacistBellflower, CA2024
Rosa Le, PHARMD1700492840PharmacistSanta Paula, CA2020
Rosalin Le1437840857Student in an Organized Health Care Education/Training ProgramSan Diego, CA2023
Rosalynn Le1962587501PharmacistSanta Clara, CA2006
Rose Le, NP1629302526Nurse PractitionerFresno, CA2009
Rose Le1821891136Student in an Organized Health Care Education/Training ProgramDallas, TX2025
Rose Le, D.M.D.1972916930DentistLakewood Ranch, FL2014
Rosemary Le, NP1962545707Family Nurse PractitionerOrange, CA2007
Rosie Le, RPH1033807425PharmacistAurora, CO2023
Rosie Le, PHARMD1689488967PharmacistSan Jose, CA2025
Royce Le, MD1831037027Student in an Organized Health Care Education/Training ProgramMyrtle Beach, SC2026
Ryan Le1043575327OptometristOswego, IL2012
Ryan Le, DMD, MBA, MMB1083275820General Practice DentistryOrlando, FL2019
Ryan Le, RPH1174220826PharmacistSanta Clara, CA2023
Ryan Le, MD1215427406Pediatrics PhysicianHouston, TX2018
Ryan Le, DDS1285159962DentistSan Jose, CA2017
Ryan Le, D.D.S.1376749697DentistNew Port Richey, FL2007
Ryan Le, MD1578199188Orthopaedic Surgery PhysicianOrange, CA2020
Ryan Le, R.PH1629432364PharmacistGarden Grove, CA2016
Ryan Le, DPT1730786781Physical TherapistDelray Beach, FL2020
Ryan Le, MD1821783580Emergency Medicine PhysicianLittle Rock, AR2023
Ryan Le1831878073Behavior TechnicianEscondido, CA2023
Ryan Le, DO1841087921Military Health Care ProviderFairfield, CA2025
Ryan Le, D.M.D.1851527253General Practice DentistryLa Mirada, CA2009
Ryan Le1871064584Behavior TechnicianMadera, CA2018
Sabrina Le1316706716OptometristTahlequah, OK2024
Sally Le, PHARM.D.1598478521PharmacistMcDonough, GA2023
Sally Le, D.D.S1912453085DentistBroken Arrow, OK2016
Sam Le, RPH, PHARM.D1881068674Ambulatory Care PharmacistHouston, TX2015
Sam Le1952551137Occupational TherapistSan Francisco, CA2008
Samantha Le, APRN CPNP1194492124Pediatric Nurse PractitionerHouston, TX2021
Samantha Le, OD1255176202OptometristTigard, OR2024
Samantha Le, PHARMD,DO1316790124Psychiatry PhysicianAustin, TX2024
Samantha Le1508414293Behavior TechnicianSanta Clara, CA2019
Samantha Le, O.D.1548338577OptometristColumbia, MD2006
Samantha Le1790322550PharmacistNovi, MI2019
Samson Le1386341691Behavior TechnicianRockville, MD2023
Samson Le1740155803Behavior TechnicianOrange, CA2025
Samuel Le, PA-C1447035845Physician AssistantOklahoma City, OK2023
Sandra Le, RPH1144545179PharmacistWebster, NY2010
Sandra Le, PHARMD1386311785PharmacistPalo Alto, CA2021
Sandra Le, PHARMD1659654218PharmacistSherman, IL2011
Sandy Le, RN1093688152Registered NurseSan Leandro, CA2025
Sandy Le, N.D.1417384801NaturopathStudio City, CA2013
Sandy Le, PHARM. D1750628921Pharmacist Clinician (PhC)/ Clinical Pharmacy SpecialistPortland, OR2013
Sandy Le, PHARMD1821705906PharmacistGlendale, CO2022
Sandy Le1861121071Electroneurodiagnostic Specialist/TechnologistBrentwood, TN2022
Sandy Le1982112397Psychiatric/Mental Health Nurse PractitionerBuena Park, CA2018
Sang Le, DC1609117548ChiropractorSan Jose, CA2013
Sang Le, M.D.1639386295Orthopaedic Hand Surgery PhysicianRancho Cucamonga, CA2007
Sang Le, B.A1699044453Mental Health CounselorAtco, NJ2011
Sang Le, M.D.1932341690Pediatric Anesthesiology PhysicianOrange, CA2009
Sarah Le, PHARM. D.1093843575Pharmacotherapy PharmacistLaurel, MD2007
Sarah Le1164311239Registered NurseBaltimore, MD2025
Sarah Le, PHARM. D.1306125158PharmacistPortland, OR2011
Sarah Le, PHARMD1316485428PharmacistAbbeville, LA2017
Sarah Le, PHARM.D.1326719865PharmacistLong Beach, CA2021
Sarah Le, RD, LD1346019098Registered DietitianShakopee, MN2023
Sarah Le, SLP1528954187Speech-Language PathologistRichland, WA2025
Sarah Le1700566510Physician AssistantBrooklyn, NY2023
Sarah Le, MSN, APRN, NP-C1720747033Family Nurse PractitionerKingwood, TX2021
Sarah Le, PHARM.D1841560422PharmacistNorco, CA2012
Sarah Le1902270531PharmacistFair Oaks, CA2015
Sarina Le1558193730Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation PhysicianBloomington, MN2024
Sat Le, PHARM.D1265719629PharmacistHallandale Beach, FL2011
Scheherazade Le, MD1689857971Epilepsy PhysicianStanford, CA2007
Scott Le1700675873Behavior TechnicianCharlotte, NC2025
Scott Le, D.O.1831509389Internal Medicine PhysicianDurham, NC2014
Scott Le1831982610Student in an Organized Health Care Education/Training ProgramMinneapolis, MN2025
Sean Le, M.D.1578552915Internal Medicine PhysicianChicago, IL2005
Sean Le, CRNA1699007823Certified Registered Nurse AnesthetistDallas, TX2010
Selina Le, RPH1235650581PharmacistVictorville, CA2017
Serena Le, PA1184214736Physician AssistantFullerton, CA2021
Serena Le, DO1497556658Student in an Organized Health Care Education/Training ProgramSaint Louis, MO2025
Serena Le, PHARM. D1568744092PharmacistRenton, WA2011
Shannon Le1184577165Behavior TechnicianIrvine, CA2026
Shannon Le, PHARM.D1538425038PharmacistSan Jose, CA2012
Shannon Le1538739073Behavior TechnicianMountain View, CA2021
Shannon Le1972343747Behavior TechnicianAtwater, CA2024
Shauna Le, OTR1033697487Occupational TherapistNashua, NH2018
Shawn Le1891378576Student in an Organized Health Care Education/Training ProgramHouston, TX2021
Shawna Le, MD1265061451Internal Medicine PhysicianCosta Mesa, CA2020
Shawna Le, NP1811670292Psychiatric/Mental Health Nurse PractitionerLong Beach, CA2023
Sheena Le1386592319Behavior TechnicianOntario, CA2026
Sheila Le1780532283Behavior TechnicianTukwila, WA2026
Shela Le1669358032Student in an Organized Health Care Education/Training ProgramSan Francisco, CA2025
Shelly Le1457240970Pediatric Registered NurseSeattle, WA2025
Shirley Le1124743315Student in an Organized Health Care Education/Training ProgramSan Jose, CA2022
Shizue Le, LMT1891683314Massage TherapistHonolulu, HI2025
Si Le, D.C.1366864860ChiropractorAiea, HI2014
Sidney Le, M.D.1326570888Student in an Organized Health Care Education/Training ProgramOakland, CA2017
Sidney Le, M.D.1356795660Family Medicine PhysicianOklahoma City, OK2016
Simon Le1255078473Community Health WorkerSan Francisco, CA2022
Simon Le, PHARMD1477881670PharmacistHouston, TX2009
Sinh Le1669846028Addiction (Substance Use Disorder) CounselorSan Jose, CA2015
Solange Le, MD1760568919Family Medicine PhysicianGoldsboro, NC2006
Son Le, PHARM.D.1053445890PharmacistAnn Arbor, MI2007
Son Le, PA1174655054Physician AssistantAmarillo, TX2007
Son Le, MD1568493062Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation PhysicianMt Juliet, TN2006
Son Le, M.D.1861441552Internal Medicine PhysicianGarden Grove, CA2006
Son Le, M.D.1902988009Interventional Cardiology PhysicianCarbondale, IL2006
Son Le, M.D.1942290762Internal Medicine PhysicianRosemead, CA2005
Son Le, D.D.S.1942420161DentistSan Francisco, CA2007
Song Phuong Le, ARNP, FNP-C1952636136Family Nurse PractitionerFort Worth, TX2009
Sonja Le1700471281PharmacistAustin, TX2021
Sonny Le, PHARMD1013493964Oncology PharmacistSan Diego, CA2018
Sonny Le1275310179Case Manager/Care CoordinatorPortland, OR2023
Sonya Le, ATS1750970604Student in an Organized Health Care Education/Training ProgramSan Diego, CA2021
Sopheavy Le, REGISTERED NURSE1255152716Emergency Registered NurseFresno, CA2024
Sophia Le1073219937Speech-Language AssistantUpland, CA2023
Sophia Le, PHARMD1114699121PharmacistWestmont, IL2021
Sophia Le1245112556Behavior TechnicianNewport Beach, CA2025
Sophia Le, D.O.1417258534Student in an Organized Health Care Education/Training ProgramFresno, CA2010
Sophia Le1447945167Family Nurse PractitionerStone Mountain, GA2023
Sophia Le1568138014PharmacistDavenport, IA2021
Sophia Le, LCMHCA, NCC1831974732Mental Health CounselorGreenville, NC2023
Sophie Le1356294516Mammography Radiologic TechnologistFargo, ND2026
Sophie Hien Le1457869778Pharmacist Clinician (PhC)/ Clinical Pharmacy SpecialistAnaheim, CA2018
Stacey Le1326681230Nurse PractitionerMarietta, GA2019
Stacey Le1528043932OptometristStanton, CA2005
Stacey Le1710496690PharmacistNew Orleans, LA2017
Stacie Le, D.C.1447337639ChiropractorGarden Grove, CA2006
Stacy Le, M.D.1841205325Internal Medicine PhysicianHuntersville, NC2006
Stacy Le1922820059Acute Care Nurse PractitionerHouston, TX2024
Stefanie Le1154724748PharmacistSacramento, CA2014
Stephan Le, PHARMD1578223210PharmacistCapitola, CA2021
Stephanie Le, MD1003345737Dermatology PhysicianSacramento, CA2017
Stephanie Le, R.N.1083895791Case Management Registered NurseSan Jose, CA2007
Stephanie Le, PHARM.D1245423755PharmacistLos Angeles, CA2007
Stephanie Le, PHARM.D1255159471PharmacistAnaheim, CA2024
Stephanie Le, RPH1306119193PharmacistLynnwood, WA2012
Stephanie Le, MD1326023888Interventional Pain Medicine PhysicianWeirton, WV2005
Stephanie Le1326601832PharmacistGreenbrae, CA2019
Stephanie Le1376406959PharmacistMoore, OK2025
Stephanie Le, PHARMD1386158772PharmacistMission Viejo, CA2017
Stephanie Le1407122005Student in an Organized Health Care Education/Training ProgramSan Diego, CA2012
Stephanie Le, D.O.1407190093Family Medicine PhysicianSan Jose, CA2012
Stephanie Le, PHARMD1649005281PharmacistChester, VA2024
Stephanie Le1649982000PharmacistRohnert Park, CA2022
Stephanie Le, MD1699113720Psychiatry PhysicianColumbia, SC2013
Stephanie Le, MD1760802029Geriatric Medicine (Internal Medicine) PhysicianNew York, NY2014
Stephanie Le, PHARMD1780106336Ambulatory Care PharmacistOrange, CA2017
Stephanie Le, M.D.1790129989Family Medicine PhysicianSan Francisco, CA2013
Stephanie Le1811623630Behavior TechnicianBaltimore, MD2022
Stephanie Le, NP1831925395Nurse PractitionerCarmichael, CA2024
Stephanie Le, PHARM.D.1861775645PharmacistBoynton Beach, FL2011
Stephanie Le, D.C.1871717298ChiropractorReseda, CA2007
Stephen Le, RN1194647537Registered NurseSan Francisco, CA2026
Stephen Le, PHARMD1598047581PharmacistNew Orleans, LA2011
Stephenie Le1689107617Infectious Disease PhysicianSan Jose, CA2017
Steve Le, DDS1447276357DentistSacramento, CA2006
Steve Le1457953713PharmacistMc Lean, VA2020
Steve Le, DPT1962191692Physical TherapistCorona, CA2023
Steven Le, IDC1003598236Independent Duty CorpsmanSan Diego, CA2023
Steven Le, PHARM. D.1033974373Student in an Organized Health Care Education/Training ProgramJackson, MS2024
Steven Le, DC1043221567ChiropractorPlano, TX2006
Steven Le, PHARM D1073866257PharmacistHouston, TX2012
Steven Le, M.D.1083932198Family Medicine PhysicianPlacentia, CA2010
Steven Le, DO1093209025Hospitalist PhysicianAnaheim, CA2018
Steven Le1164801999PharmacistSeattle, WA2015
Steven Le, D.D.S.1164870721General Practice DentistryHouma, LA2016
Steven Le, PHARMD1245631928PharmacistNorwalk, CA2014
Steven Le, MD1245970995Student in an Organized Health Care Education/Training ProgramChicago, IL2022
Steven Le, DPT1518485051Physical TherapistChandler, AZ2017
Steven Le1538582028PharmacistHuntington Beach, CA2014
Steven Le, O.D.1770658643OptometristSachse, TX2006
Steven Le, M.D.1780835801Cardiovascular Disease PhysicianFountain Valley, CA2008
Steven Le, M.D.1881863090Emergency Medicine PhysicianSan Leandro, CA2008
Steven Le, DDS1952449795Pediatric DentistryWestminster, CA2007
Steven Le, DMD1972199883General Practice DentistryLos Angeles, CA2020
Steven Han Le, DMD1326584582DentistSan Jose, CA2017
Stuart Le, MD1841829124Family Medicine PhysicianLouisville, KY2020
Suong Le1013204247PharmacistMemphis, TN2011
Suong Le, D.D.S.1134276124General Practice DentistrySan Jose, CA2007
Suong Le1659817765CounselorOceanside, CA2017
Suong Le, PHARMD1710393863PharmacistFall River, MA2014
Suong Le1770637738Clinical Social WorkerDowney, CA2007
Susan Le, MD1073691572Family Medicine PhysicianTurlock, CA2006
Susan Le, PA-C1104210863Physician AssistantValdosta, GA2015
Susan Le, DPT1104377951Physical TherapistWalnut Creek, CA2016
Susan Le1366336836Family Nurse PractitionerLodi, CA2025
Susi Le1699663229Student in an Organized Health Care Education/Training ProgramSan Francisco, CA2025
Susu Le1134815665Student in an Organized Health Care Education/Training ProgramSan Francisco, CA2023
Suzannah Le, SLP1184330565Speech-Language PathologistFargo, ND2023
Suzanne Le, PT1033257340Orthopedic Physical TherapistWest Linn, OR2007
Sy Le, PHARMD, BCPS1023460615Pharmacotherapy PharmacistLawrenceville, GA2016
Sy Le, MD1356427579Reproductive Endocrinology PhysicianIrving, TX2006
Sy Lin Le, MSN, APRN, FNP-BC1679436695Adult Health Nurse PractitionerAurora, CO2025
Sylvia Le, M.D,1154717700Family Medicine PhysicianRocky Mount, VA2015
Sylvia Le1881201093PharmacistGalt, CA2020
Sylvie Le, PTG1104054303Physical TherapistWarwick, RI2009
Sylvie Le, PHARM.D.1578956397PharmacistOrange, CA2015
Tai Le1316748023Behavior TechnicianTallahassee, FL2025
Tai Le1417364654General Practice PhysicianCarolina, PR2014
Tai Le1528501327PharmacistCoalinga, CA2016
Tai Le1609226430Social WorkerWorcester, MA2016
Tai Le, RPH1841953320PharmacistWaxahachie, TX2021
Tailynn Le1356037238PharmacistMesquite, TX2023
Talent Le1659872273Behavior TechnicianElk Grove, CA2018
Tam Le1023449162PharmacistKenner, LA2013
Tam Le1073015616Behavior TechnicianFolsom, CA2018
Tam Le, M.D.1093810699Gynecology PhysicianLong Beach, CA2006
Tam Le1104839745PharmacistHouston, TX2006
Tam Le, PHARMD1134528128PharmacistTacoma, WA2014
Tam Le, M.D1154480077Internal Medicine PhysicianRosemead, CA2006
Tam Le, PHARM.D1164713996PharmacistStockton, CA2011
Tam Le, O.D.1235268707OptometristMurrieta, CA2007
Tam Le, MD1265405526Obstetrics & Gynecology PhysicianLas Vegas, NV2006
Tam Le1285509984Behavior TechnicianFarmington Hills, MI2025
Tam Le, DMD1295790236General Practice DentistryChandler, AZ2006
Tam Le1316246184PharmacistCharlotte, NC2011
Tam Le, MD1336381607Internal Medicine PhysicianGarden Grove, CA2009
Tam Le, D.O.1477903250Emergency Medicine PhysicianRancho Mirage, CA2016
Tam Le1528672623PharmacistChampaign, IL2020
Tam Le, MD1568164234Student in an Organized Health Care Education/Training ProgramPlantation, FL2023
Tam Le, DMD1568191351General Practice DentistryGlendale, CO2022
Tam Le, PHARMD1578168191PharmacistGlen Allen, VA2020
Tam Le, DMD1578675484DentistNew Haven, CT2006
Tam Le, M.D.1699770370Colon & Rectal Surgery PhysicianFountain Valley, CA2005
Tam Le, DMD1700622040DentistPearland, TX2024
Tam Le, DDS1730908070DentistWauwatosa, WI2024
Tam Le, PHARM.D1811200702PharmacistDouglassville, PA2010
Tam Le, DNP, APRN, FNP-C1821861428Family Nurse PractitionerMinneapolis, MN2023
Tam Le1831504232Emergency Medicine PhysicianVisalia, CA2014
Tam Le, NP1831700285Family Nurse PractitionerMcKinney, TX2020
Tam Le1891077111PharmacistCamden, DE2011
Tam Le1891706883PharmacistSeattle, WA2006
Tam Le1912589342Anesthesiology PhysicianTucson, AZ2021
Tam Nhu Le1902668023Behavior TechnicianFullerton, CA2024
Tamara Le1376210963Behavior TechnicianWorcester, MA2021
Tami Le, O.D.1619263613OptometristLas Vegas, NV2011
Tammie Le, R.PH1821424474PharmacistAurora, CO2013
Tammy Le, DPT1194106294Pediatric Physical TherapistBethany, OK2015
Tammy Le, RDN1235618901Registered DietitianWhittier, CA2018
Tammy Le1245814755Behavior TechnicianWorcester, MA2021
Tammy Le, MD1275162745Geriatric Medicine (Internal Medicine) PhysicianWest Hollywood, CA2020
Tammy Le, MD1417273830Pulmonary Disease PhysicianAnaheim, CA2010
Tammy Le1487011318Massage TherapistJuneau, AK2016
Tammy Le, RPH1518677863PharmacistBoston, MA2022
Tammy Le, M.S., CCC-SLP/L1609598309Speech-Language PathologistMaywood, IL2022
Tammy Le1922738541Personal Care AttendantLas Vegas, NV2022
Tammy Le, AUD1922790476AudiologistVoorhees, NJ2023
Tammy Le, PA-C1932922218Physician AssistantSpokane, WA2024
Tammy Le, O.D.1942170428OptometristOak Lawn, IL2025
Tan Le1053092445Behavior TechnicianMonrovia, CA2023
Tan Le, M.D.1245205475Anesthesiology PhysicianSanta Ana, CA2006
Tan Le1275341257Behavior TechnicianOrange, CA2024
Tan Le, PHARM.D1679065999PharmacistDerby, KS2018
Tan Le1750908463Athletic TrainerLawrenceville, GA2020
Tang Le, D.O1629261805Dermatology PhysicianMesquite, TX2007

Source: CMS National Plan and Provider Enumeration System (NPPES) (download.cms.gov). A listing is not a recommendation: check a license with the state board (license lookups).